Author Topic: Dispatching Iranian astronaut to below 200 km orbit (Read 2919 times)

Chacko-T · « **on:** June 06, 2011, 05:49:47 PM »

Quote

Dispatching Iranian astronaut to below 200 km orbit

Announcing the beginning of spacesuit design studies and dispatching man to the Moon, President of Iranian Space Agency declared dispatching of Iranian astronauts to below 200 km orbit within the first five years of the project of dispatching man into space and finding location of Iranian Space Town for construction.

Stating Iranian activities in the field of aerospace have been started later than the other countries, Dr. H. Fazeli, in the opening of 10th
Conference of Iranian Aerospace Society held in Tarbiat Modarres University, said: "Nevertheless, there has been a good action and a great deal of achievements have been obtained and these retardations should be compensated by universities and researchers."

Iran among the eight countries owning of satellite technology

Stating that Iran has joined the eight countries owning of superior technology of designing, building and launching of satellites into space in 2009, he asserted: "In this regard, and due to the recent advances in the aerospace industry in the country, in fiftieth anniversary of dispatching man to space, a special pavilion in an exhibition is dedicated to Iran. We will also will put on display the accomplishment of Iranian researchers and academic and research centers in the exhibition."

Stating the space power would be realized in dispatching man to space, the ISA president pointed out: "Only three countries have been able to achieve this technology. According to the prospect of the country, Iran should also reach the first place in the region in the advanced and modern technology and we must achieve the predicted targets before reaching the country’s prospect and according to the order of the president and emphasis of Supreme Authorities, Iran must dispatch human to space before the year 1400 Hijri (2020 A.D)."

According to Fazeli, having the best scientists of the world, Iran has the ability and potential to become to a space power.

President of Iranian Space Agency, referring to the launching of Omid, the National Iranian satellite, riding on Safir rocket with a minimum sub-system tests, asserted: "In this respect, we have traversed this path very rapidly by the efforts of space researchers and scientists and Divine notice. The studies regarding the developed programs on dispatching human to space and Moon and launching satellites into GEO orbit will be discussed in Supreme Council of Space next week."

Preliminary steps in the country about dispatching human to space

Expressing that the preliminary steps for dispatching man into space have been started in the country, he said: "Aerospace Research Center has been working in this field and on the engineering of life transfer into space for many years and scheduled for the next five years in this regard for the kind of payload and deciding on an investment in a required field of technology."

Dispatching Iranian astronaut to below 200 km orbit

He added: "Due to the first Five-Year Plan of dispatching human to space, we intend to dispatch astronauts to below 200 km orbit and retrieve it safely."

Fazeli also continued that research on the human physiology has been done in Aerospace Research Institute for years and a special group has been formed by the effort of Dr. Bahrami, the founder of this institute.

Stating that the first step on the project of dispatching human to space was taken last year, President of ISA said: "This task was carried out by launching Kavoshgar-3 which contained a biological payload. By improving the technology, the heavier payload and more advanced living creature will be dispatched to space next year."

Following up spacesuit design and space capsule

He reiterated: "Now, we are planning spacesuit design and geometry of space capsule and we have received some ideas from one of the universities, similar to the complex systems used by NASA in the United States. Also, some remarkable activities have been done in universities concerning the production of ceramics which can tolerate high temperatures and we will follow them, as well."

President of Iranian Space Agency reiterated: "Our prediction is managing the mission of dispatching human to space and other space missions such as design, manufacture and launch of satellites, creating advanced laboratories, and defining student projects and managing the rings of overall acquisition and maturation of technology organized by the Iranian Space Agency, and we believe in systematic management."

Fazeli, referring to academic projects on design of research satellite in universities, added: "In this regard, Space Research Institute of ISA is managing academic researches systematically."
Regarding the support of ISA, he said: "If we wish to dispatch humans to space, the Government should support us, necessarily."

Location of Space Town construction

Stating that the strategies of National Space Laboratory have been drawn up, Fazeli pointed out: "In this regard and according to the existing standards, we intend to establish Space Town and its location has already been detected. "

According to ISNA, President of the Iranian Space Agency reiterated: "In the past, this organization played the role of a deputy under supervision of Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. Iranian Space Agency is now like many other countries is under supervision of President to meet the needs of country in this field. "

On the other hand, regarding the position of this organization, a special authority should be given to this organization. Aerospace Research Institute of Ministry of Science and Engineering Research Institute of Ministry of Agriculture Jihad joined the Iranian Space Agency, in this regard.

He added: "The aerospace industry budgets are also to be centralized in ISA. However, I believe if this issue is not taken place, the project of dispatching humans to space will not be definitely performed."

Fazeli continued: "In the recent Conference of Iranians living abroad, an Iranian researcher offered a plan to ISA based on the monitoring of agricultural products of three northern provinces through space technology and this organization is to manage and perform it."

http://isa.ir/components1.php?rQV==wHQyAkOklUZnFWdn5WYMJXZ0VWbhJXYw9lZ8B0N3QDQ6QWStVGdp9lZ8BUM4ATMApDZJ52bpR3Yh9lZ

aryana · « **Reply #1 on:** June 06, 2011, 07:06:25 PM »

this is a long shot for iran who has not launched more than one satelite that weigt 19 kilos.

ZamZam · « **Reply #2 on:** June 06, 2011, 09:21:07 PM »

its a longshot for aryana to speak a paragraph, as he hasnt spoken more than a sentence.

MO_SOBOH · « **Reply #3 on:** June 07, 2011, 10:11:03 AM »

Quote from: Sina on June 06, 2011, 09:21:07 PM

its a longshot for aryana to speak a paragraph, as he hasnt spoken more than a sentence.

Eagle2009 · « **Reply #4 on:** June 08, 2011, 08:47:25 AM »

Aryana,

Actually the Omid weighed 27kg...

If I remember reading this on the ISA's website, the goal date for the subortibal manned flight is for 2016 as part of a 5 year effort.

I personally think its a pretty ambitious goal and they have a lot of work to do in just 5 years. Here are what they need to accomplish to achieve this IMO:

1. Re-entry Vehicle- Even for a suborbital flight, Iran needs to develop a proper RV that can withstand the high temperatures of re-entry. Now Iran has warhead designs like the Shahab-3 that can survive re-entry but only at much slower speeds than what a sub-orbital capsule would enter the atmosphere at (i.e. a RV capable of withstanding at least a Mach 15+ re-entry). India has recently tested such a RV design that is a test bed for their future manned spacecraft. Of course the testing of such a thing will make some international stink since such RVs are largely identical in design to ICBM warhead designs (the US Mercury spacecraft owes its ancestry to the Titan ICBM's warhead design).
2. SLV- Now because the speed and lift needed for putting a payload in a suborbital trajectory are not as high as putting a manned capsule in LEO, you don't need as powerful of an SLV. However assuming Iran wishes to develop a one-man capsule weighing say 1000kg (just 2/3 the size of the Mercury capsule), they will still needed a SLV considerably more powerful than the current Simorgh concept. A Simorgh-based system (retaining the 1st stage but having new 2nd and 3rd stages) could likely do the job. However the Simorgh in its more basic form will not be tested til next year, giving them just 4 years to increase the payload of the Simorgh considerably (IMO at least 7 times the payload) and then perform at least one unmanned test first.
3. Space Tracking- While Iran has just opened a new Remote-Sensing station, they will likely need much more extensive facilities to properly track and then retrieve a manned capsule. The large radar they are building now is likely being designed for that very purpose.

So considering all these factors, I don’t believe the 2016 goal is achievable even with considerable amounts of funding and political support. I think they can achieve this by decades end but the development of the SLV is the main obstacle, using a Simorgh-based SLV to carry that heavy of a payload, even to a suborbital trajectory, just 4 years after the basic Simorgh with its modest payload I don’t think is possible…Unless, Iran has a much more powerful SLV in development that has yet to see the light of day.

Chacko-T · « **Reply #5 on:** June 08, 2011, 09:16:41 AM »

I think a suborbital space jump is quite possible with existing capabilities for Iran without major resource allocation. The Mercury did that with Redstone rocket which is somewhat weaker than the Shahab 3. They launched an almost 2 tons capsule to 187 km height and traveled 400 km.

For orbital flight, its much more complicated and needs more time, but achievable until 2021 (1400) compared the wishful time frame of 2016 .

Eagle2009 · « **Reply #6 on:** June 08, 2011, 09:45:00 PM »

....I am sorry but that is just plain wrong. The Redstone that launched the first Mercury capsule is more powerful than the Shahab-3 and the Safir SLV. Also the Shahab-3 carries just a 1 ton payload, half that of the Mercury capsule and that makes a huge difference.

Here the difference between the Shahab-3 and the Redstone:
1. Dimensions- Redstone is dimensionally much larger than even the Safir, 25 meters long with a diameter of 1.78 meters.
2. Weight- Has a loaded weight of 30 metric tons, compared to the 16 ton figure most accepted for Shahab-3 and the 26 tons of the Safir
3. Thrust- the Redstone is a single stage rocket that produces 39 standard tons of thrust (78,000lbs)
4. Fuel- The Redstone uses Liquid Oxygen and Ethly Alcohol. The Liquid Oxygen is a much more potent fuel than the Kerosene and Nitric Acid fuel mixture of the Shahab-3.
5. Burn time- Most sources agree the Shahab-3 has a burn time of just 90 seconds. The single stage Redstone has a burn time of 143.5 seconds.

All these factors together make the Redstone significantly more powerful as a SLV than the Shahab-3 or the Safir. The main factor in this is the fuel, LOX is one of the most potent rocket fuels in the world, not only more powerful than more traditional fuels but also burns longer, increasing its lifting ability and maximum altitude achieved.

As I said, the Simorgh can form the basis for a suborbital vehicle, the trick is how much improvements need to made in just 4 years after the Simorgh is first tested to be able to achieve such a feat and I am not sure that is enough time to safely test such a thing. I am going to look into it a bit more to get some more specifics on how powerful a Simorgh based SLV would need to be.

Eagle2009 · « **Reply #7 on:** June 08, 2011, 10:00:49 PM »

However that said, the Mercury 3 mission is a good model to look at for what Iran needs to do to achieve the same feat in just 5 years.

First, as Chacko-T pointed, the Mercury 3 capsule achieved a apogee of 187km and covered a distance of 400km during its flight, with the whole flight lasted 15 minutes and 28 seconds. The maximum speed achieved during the mission was 2.3km/second. Some other facts to consider, as I stated before the first 143.5 seconds of the flight was the burning of the rocket itself and the Mercury capsule weighed roughly 1800kg at takeoff. Also it should be noted, the Redstone ballistic missile for which the Redstone Rocket was based on was a short range ballistic missile with no greater than a Scud (300+km) the difference however is the Redstone has a considerably higher velocity than the Scud, likely because of its powerful fuel and this is why they chose it for the task.

Now, the speed is the real key to this. Depending on how long you want you suborbital flight to last depends very much on its velocity. Technically speaking the first suborbital flight was by the V-2 rocket which achieved an apogee of 97km at a speed of a little over 1km/second (not much slower than a Scud at 1.4km/s). Similarly, the SpaceShipOne achieved a similar feat at roughly the same speed. The problem with these flights is they were very short. I think Iran should aim for something more like the Mercury's duration and therefore needs to achieve the same velocity of 2.25-2.5km/second.

So Iran needs to develop an SLV that carry at least a 1 to 1.5 metric ton payload to a 200km apogee at a speed of at least 2.25km/second. The weight is my own personal estimate considering Iran can use more modern alloys for construction and more lightweight and compact electronics.

Eagle2009 · « **Reply #8 on:** June 08, 2011, 10:30:55 PM »

The problem I am running into is we don't know what the Simorgh's 1st stage velocity. Most sources estimate the Shahab-3's maximum velocity during flight is not dissimilar to the Scud's, at 1.5km/sec give or take. In other words, a Shahab-3 fired straight up (the Kavoshgar-1) would likely have an apogee of ~120km since it is believed to have a burn time of 95 seconds or so.

So, for a moment, lets assume the Simorgh's 1st stage has a velocity of 1.5km/second as the Shahab-3 does. Because of its larger size, most observers estimate the Simorgh's 1st stage could have a burn time of ~130 seconds meaning the first stage would burn out at an altitude of 180-190km if I am doing the math properly. However the weight of a possible 2nd stage could lower this altitude somewhat and so to be on the safe side a Suborbital Simorgh should have a small second stage to ensure the payload gets to the proper apogee.

Now for clarity, the reason I prefer the Simorgh as the basis for a Sub-orbital flight is the Shahab-3 has too small of a diameter to fit even a very small module like the Mercury. The Simorgh's diameter of over 2 meters would be a better fit, assuming of course the prospective 2nd stage is the same diameter or similar.

Also for more clarity, it should be known that most sources agree the needed velocity for a payload to reach Low Earth Orbit is roughly 7.7km/second. So the speeded needed for a fligth like the Mercury is considerably less.

So I will have to revise my previous opinion about how achieved their 2016 goal for a manned suborbital flight is. I still think 4 years (since the Simorgh is not to be tested til next year) isn't quite enough time for proper testing (you want at least 2 unmanned tests first to be safe). But its still very achievable once the Simorgh is tested.

aryana · « **Reply #9 on:** June 08, 2011, 10:56:28 PM »

there is now question that they have to redsign the rockets from ground up to acomplish the said feat.

Eagle2009 · « **Reply #10 on:** June 08, 2011, 11:11:42 PM »

There is no need to redesign anything. I am now fairly certain the Simorgh can do the job and wouldn't even need a very powerful 2nd stage to do it (likely just a small solid-fuel motor) without having to modify the engines.

The trick is to make sure it can achieve the needed speed of +2km/second to be able to place the needed payload into a decent suborbital flight. This speed assumes of course Iran wants a relatively long suborbital flight and not a very brief one like that of the SpaceShipOne, either is achievable with the Simorgh.

Iran needs to do the following in the next 5 years:
1. Capsule- Iran needs to design a capsule large enough to carry a single human being, my guess is it will need to weigh at least 1000-1500kg.
2. Simorgh Development- The Simorgh won't be tested til 2012
3. 2nd stage- Preferably, Iran needs to design a small 2nd stage motor to make sure the capsule achieves the needed speed. This engine would not have to be very big.
4. Tests- Once the final concept is chosen, Iran will need to test it several times before they put a man in it. These will likely be automated flights since the use of monkeys or apes for that duty is no longer necessary or warranted.

M-ATF · « **Reply #11 on:** June 09, 2011, 02:22:59 PM »

Eagle
announced time for launching Simorgh SLV is this year not next year.
I think in parallel to Simorgh,Iran is working on larger SLV's

I think you have read reports about Qaem telecommunication sattelite which will be used for Radio&TV orgnization of Iran. Announced time for puting it into 36000 km orbit is 1395 ( now we are in 1390) certainly for puting Qaem in 36000 km orbit a much heavier SLV than Simorgh is needed.

http://www.irna.ir/NewsShow.aspx?NID=30346458

even befor unveiling Simorgh, we have report about development of a fifteen-engines SLV which was announced by Ahmadinejad.

aryana · « **Reply #12 on:** June 09, 2011, 02:27:24 PM »

i think that should be taken with a grain of salt becuase the luanch of second sattelite is late by 2 years and counting.

Chacko-T · « **Reply #13 on:** June 09, 2011, 02:57:09 PM »

Quote from: Eagle2009 on June 08, 2011, 09:45:00 PM

3. Thrust- the Redstone is a single stage rocket that produces 39 standard tons of thrust (78,000lbs)
4. Fuel- The Redstone uses Liquid Oxygen and Ethly Alcohol. The Liquid Oxygen is a much more potent fuel than the Kerosene and Nitric Acid fuel mixture of the Shahab-3.

In the ISA website it was claimed the Safir's thrust increased from 32 to 37 tons and the Safir used more powerful type of fuel for the first stage than Kerosene.

aryana · « **Reply #14 on:** June 09, 2011, 02:58:36 PM »

well it is not tested for human rated missions it should be tested 5 times least

mamdali · « **Reply #15 on:** June 09, 2011, 03:07:25 PM »

Quote from: aryana on June 09, 2011, 02:58:36 PM

well it is not tested for human rated missions it should be tested 5 times least

No 4 times.

aryana · « **Reply #16 on:** June 09, 2011, 03:19:57 PM »

well at that rate they are launching it will still take 12 years

mamdali · « **Reply #17 on:** June 09, 2011, 03:56:26 PM »

Quote from: aryana on June 09, 2011, 03:19:57 PM

well at that rate they are launching it will still take 12 years

11 to be exact.

Eagle2009 · « **Reply #18 on:** June 09, 2011, 06:46:21 PM »

Chacko-T,

I am well aware of the ISA's announcements but as I pointed out the thrust is not the point. Burn time and speed are the points. Now while the Safir has similar thrust to the Redstone rocket it does not have its burn time (for the 1st stage). Also remember the Redstone is just one stage whereas many believe the improved Safir will have at least two stages and possible a small third (not certain just yet). Now the Safir can likely achieve the needed speed for the job thanks to the additional burn time of its 2nd stage engine.

Also we have no real idea about the supposed fuel change of the improved Safir so we can't even use that statement for any comparision because we have no idea what kind of fuel it will use (I have my own theories).

There is also another big problem. The Mercury capsule was incredibly small, just 1.78 meters in diameter at its largest. Considering its size I dont see how you could possible make a capsule any small safely unless you go for something like the Danish HEAT-X surorbital spacecraft (which like the SpaceShipOne is only in space for a very short amount of time, just a few minutes) but I dont think Iran is interested in such short duration suborbital flights and as such they will likely go for a more Mercury like approach and will likely use a similar size capsule. Since the Safir only has a diameter of 1.25, I believe that is too small for a proper capsule.

aryaghiai · « **Reply #19 on:** December 21, 2011, 06:36:03 AM »

Iran Prepares its First Team of Astronauts for Space

Monday, 19 December 2011

First team of astronauts from Iran will be chosen by the end of this year, Head of Iran's Aerospace Research, Doctor Muhammad Ibrahimi said, IRNA reported.

In Iran, year changes on 21st of March.

Ibrahimi added that the astronaut team will be compiled from fighter pilots.

"We are currently in negotiations with several countries, which can provide our future team with necessary training. Among these countries are China and Russia," Ibrahimi said.

Head of Iran's Aerospace Research noted that after the team is ready, astronauts will be sent to those countries for specific education and training.

Iran launched its first satellite, dubbed as Kavoshgar-1, in 2007.

Last year, Iran announced it had put a rocket carrying a mouse, turtle and some worms into space.

President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad announced plans for the monkey flight in February, with the mammal dispatched inside a capsule with life-support for a 20-minute flight about 75 miles above the earth surface. Iranian president also noted, that country plans to put a man in space by 2017.

Monday, 19 December 2011
http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/128347/iran-prepares-its-first-team-of-astronauts-for-space-.html

Sangeshkan_Cave · « **Reply #20 on:** March 03, 2012, 04:01:49 AM »

Original IRNA December 19, 2011 News

伊朗将选拔第一批宇航员

伊通社19日德黑兰电
伊朗科技

伊朗航空航天研究所负责人表示，今年年末将从战斗机飞行员中挑选出伊朗第一批宇航员。

穆罕默德•易卜拉欣米博士19日在接受伊通社科技部记者采访时表示，通常宇航员都是从战斗机飞行员中选拔的，对他们进行更多的培训，使之成为合格的宇航员。
易卜拉欣米博士向记者表示，已经与拥有宇航员的国家比如中国和俄罗斯，就培训宇航员进行了初步谈判，就学习各项技能和适应空间环境在上述国家对伊朗宇航员志愿者们进行培训。
该负责人就“将人送往太空项目”说道，目前已完成该项目的初步概念设计和可行性研究，而且伊朗已经发射了几个探测器。

18:15 Monday December 19, 2011

Source
http://www2.irna.ir/ch/news/view/line-52/1112196708180722.htm

نخستین تیم فضانورد ایرانی برای راهیابی به فضا تشكیل می شود

تهران- رئیس پژوهشگاه هوافضا گفت: نخستین تیم فضانورد ایرانی با همكاری كشورهای روسیه و چین و دیگر كشورهای علاقه مند در كشور تربیت می شوند

تاريخ انتشار : 11/12/1390 - 12:38

دكتر 'محمد ابراهیمی' در گفت و گو با خبرنگار علمی ایرنا با اعلام این مطلب افزود: بحث های اولیه با كشورهای یاد شده صورت گرفته است اما از آنجا كه گام های دیگر این پروژه باید به صورت موازی صورت گیرد منتظر انجام مراحل دیگر پروژه اعزام انسان به فضا هستیم.

وی اظهار داشت: در صورت رسیدن پژوهش ها به نتایج قابل قبول و زیرسیستم ها به حد متعادل مراحل نهایی انتخاب فضانورد در كشور آغاز خواهد شد.

رئیس پژوهشگاه هوافضا خاطرنشان كرد: مذاكرات اولیه در این زمینه با كشورهای روسیه و چین انجام شده است و كشورهای یاد شده آمادگی خود را برای راه اندازی دوره های تربیت فضانورد در ایران اعلام كرده اند و قرار است تا اولین فضانوردان ایران در این كشورها به منظور سازگاری با شرایط فضا تحت آموزش های ویژه قرار گیرند.

ابراهیمی درباره پروژه اعزام انسان به فضا گفت: مرحله بعدی اعزام انسان به فضا دارای 2مرحله مطالعات اولیه درباره سفینه حامل انسان به فضا و انجام عملیات واقعی به منظور به دست آوردن فناوری است كه با پرتاب كاوشگرها و اعزام موجودات كوچك به فضا این ماموریت پیگیری می شود.

وی افزود: پروژه اعزام انسان به فضا در مراحل بعدی به تدریج با بزرگ تر كردن اندازه محموله های اعزامی به فضا در چند سال آینده به نتیجه خواهد رسید

Source
http://www.irna.ir/News/80015046/نخستین-تیم-فضانورد-ایرانی-برای-راهیابی-به-فضا-تشكیل-می-شود/فنآوري/

Iran to train first astronaut selection for space exploration program

Basic translation

IRNA, Tehran, 12 Esfand 1390

The head of Iran Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Dr Muhammad Ibrahimi said on March 2, that Iran would start the training of the nation first astronaut selection on Iranian soil with the help of Russia and China, as well as other interested countries.

Dr Ibrahimi told IRNA reporter in an interview that Iran had already held preliminary negotiations with these two countries, and that the manned space program would require several steps, including the construction of a new Iranian Astronaut Training Center. Upon completion of the facilities, the selection of astronaut would start. Both Russia and China have already agreed to help Iran. According to the agreement, special training in space environment adaptation would be provided.

伊朗为探索宇宙将成立第一支宇航员队伍

伊通社2日德黑兰电

伊朗航天航空研究院负责人说，伊朗将与俄罗斯、中国以及其他感兴趣的国家合作，在国内训练第一支宇航员队伍。

穆罕默德•伊卜拉希米接受伊通社科技部记者采访时表示，已经与上述国家进行了初步讨论，为了将人类送入太空，我们必须同时推进该项目的其他步骤。在基础设施建设完成以及研究取得可接受的结果后，我们将开始在国内选拔宇航员。
伊卜拉希米说，已经与俄罗斯和中国就这方面进行了初步会谈，上述国家也表示愿意帮助伊朗训练宇航员。根据约定，将对伊朗第一批宇航员进行特别训练以适应太空环境。

04:35 Saturday March 03, 2012

Source
http://www2.irna.ir/ch/news/view/line-49/1203036756043535.htm

Possible hint for Iran future manned spacecraft and spacesuit design

[ Guests cannot view attachments ]
From left to right, started in 1967, the Chinese "Project 714" Dawn-1 manned space capsule scaled model, spacesuit and life supporting system.

Source of the picture
http://news.workercn.cn/c/2011/09/23/110923141238607626162.html

Military Museum photo of "Project 714" Dawn-1 manned space capsule by product

Source of the picture
http://evprikh.livejournal.com/70835.html

Integration of the recoverable capsule

Source of the picture
http://www.zhikanlz.com/novel/976?page=41

Integration of the recoverable capsule

Source of the picture
http://ldyx.org/a/liangdanyixing/liangdanyixingshiye/2010/0703/4617.html

Integration of the recoverable capsule service module

Source of the picture
http://www.zhikanlz.com/novel/976?page=41

Recoverable capsule before coupling with carrier rocket second stage

Source of the picture
http://ldyx.org/a/liangdanyixing/liangdanyixingshiye/2010/0703/4617.html

Recovery of the capsule

Source of the picture
http://www.zhikanlz.com/novel/976?page=42

Sangeshkan_Cave · « **Reply #21 on:** May 10, 2012, 02:01:14 AM »

Quote

In 2012, Roskosmos will enroll cosmonauts for the first time on a competitive basis

Source
http://en.rian.ru/infographics/20120412/172299766.html